中文说明：一般来说，桁架设计问题在元启发式的文献中非常流行。其目的是设计一个重量最小，不违反约束的桁架。桁架设计中最重要的问题是约束，包括应力、挠度和屈曲约束。显示此问题的结构参数。<；span style="；font-尺寸：10.0pt；线高：112%；字体系列：；颜色：黑色采用的测试函数可分为三类：单峰、多峰和复合。单峰测试函数具有一个全局最优值，适合于算法开发的基准测试。然而，多模态测试函数有一个全局最优解和多个局部最优解，且其个数呈指数增长
English Description：
Generally speaking, truss designproblems are very popular in the literature of meta-heuristics . Theobjective is to design a truss with the minimum weight that does not violatethe constraints. The most important issue in designing truss is constraintsthat include stress, deflection, and buckling constraints. shows the structural parameters of this problem.The employed test functions can be divided intothree groups: unimodal, multi-modal, and composite. Unimodal test functionshave one global optimum, so they are suitable for benchmarking the exploitationof algorithms. The multi-modal test functions, however, have a global optimumas well as multiple local optima with number exponentially increasing wi